Recombined hlwb nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm lub Dr Brzostowski Hector Damian enzyme thawj kom nkag siab txog lub Basics rau koj tsiv mus rau qhov nkag siab txog yuav ua li cas no enzyme. Tiv thaiv tawm tsam tswv yim ua aggression nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv: Raws li Wikipedia txuag kuv sau tag nrho laj rau tus nyeem ntawv muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem tag nrho yog raws li ntau cov phau ntawv raws li Wikipedia thiab thaum kawg qhib pib lub CRE "recombined hlwb Enzyme" .. . Microorganisms los yog toxins uas tau txais mus rau hauv ib qho kev organism yuav ntsib lub hlwb thiab tswv yim ua ntawm innate cev. Lub innate cev tsis teb yog feem ntau txhais thaum microbes muaj qhia los ntawm qauv paub txias xov tias pom yam uas tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov loj tej pawg neeg ntawm tej yam me muaj sia, los yog thaum uas puas hlwb, raug mob los yog nyuab siab xa lub tswb teeb, muaj ntau yam uas (tab sis tsis yog tag nrho cov) uas pom zoo los ntawm tib lub txias xov tias pom pathogens. Cov kab mob uas ua tau penetrate ib lub cev yuav ntsib lub hlwb thiab tswv yim ua ntawm innate cev. Lub innate cev tsis tiv thaiv cov neeg uas tsis yog-meej, lub ntsiab lus no systems pom thiab teb rau pathogens nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tsis tseem. Qhov no system tsis confer kawg nkaus kev tiv thaiv tawm tsam pathogen. Lub innate cev yog lub tseem ceeb system ntawm kev tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov loj feem ntau ntawm tej yam me muaj sia. Kev tiv thaiv: Lub innate cev muaj lub hlwb thiab tswv yim ua uas tiv thaiv tus tswj tuav los ntawm tus kab mob los ntawm lwm yam tej yam me muaj sia, uas tsis yog-uas. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub hlwb ntawm innate system paub txog, thiab teb rau pathogens nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis tseem txoj kev, Tsis zoo li cov coj cev, nws tsis confer mus sij hawm ntev kev tiv thaiv los yog tiv thaiv tus tswj tuav. Lub ntsiab functions ntawm innate cev nyob rau hauv vertebrates muaj xws li: nrhiav ntawm lub cev tsis hlwb mus rau qhov chaw ntawm tus kab mob thiab o los ntawm ua tshuaj yam tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshuaj mediators, hu ua cytokines. Cascade qhib rua ntawm qhuas system los txheeb xyuas cov kab mob, qhib hlwb, thiab txhawb qhov clearance ntawm tuag hlwb los yog antibody ntau ceg. Txog qhia kom paub thiab tshem tawm ntawm txawv teb chaws tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv plab hnyuv siab raum, cov ntaub so ntswg, cov ntshav thiab lymph, by leukocytes. Qhov qhib rua ntawm coj cev los ntawm ib tug txheej txheem lub npe hu li antigen kev nthuav qhia. Qhov loj histocompatibility complex (MHC los yog MHC, lus Askiv acronym rau lub loj histocompatibility complex), los sis loj histocompatibility ua, yog ib tsev neeg ntawm noob nyob rau lub luv luv caj npab ntawm chromosome 6 uas nws cov khoom uas muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev nthuav qhia rau antigen lymphocytes T. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, noob MHC tshwm sim tawm tus thiaj li hu HLA (rau cov tib neeg leukocyte antigen), vim hais tias cov proteins li antigens pom on leukocytes, uas yuav ntes tau nrog tshuaj. Lub MHC noob yog tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv lub cev lub cev tsis tiv thaiv tawm tsam pathogens, thiab nyob rau lwm tes, tshwm sim tawm lub ntsiab teeb meem kev sib hloov khoom hauv nrog cev thiab qia cell. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub luv luv caj npab ntawm chromosome 6 muaj MHC noob muaj cov ntaub ntawv: • tej yam kua ntshav daim nyias nyias glycoproteins muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ua ntawm antigen processing thiab kev nthuav qhia rau T hlwb: yog grouped rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawv II noob ( maub cov xov proteins MHC-II) thiab cov chav kawm ntawv Kuv noob (maub cov xov proteins MHC-Kuv) • thiab cytokines thiab qhuas system proteins, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub cev tsis teb, tab sis muaj ib yam dabtsi ua nrog noob MHC, cov noob uas nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawv grouped III. Ob hom lwg me me muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub cev tsis teb, uas tso cai rau txog qhia kom paub los ntawm lub lwg me me lawv tus kheej thiab txawv (tes heev), mus tshem tawm qhov yav tas los ntawm kev sib txawv tswv yim ua. Qhov chaw sib piv genomic ntsuam ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub MHC cheeb tsam nruab nrab ntawm heev nyob deb tsiaj tau qhia qhov muaj rearrangements tsis pub dhau lub cheeb tsam meej storyline thiab cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv tsis yooj yim ntawm noob. Tus qauv ntawm MHC cheeb tsam no yog paub yam tsawg xya tsiaj ntawm mammals Euterios (placental), ob tug noog tsib teleost ntses thiab sharks. Nws muaj zoo sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm lub MHC cheeb tsam nruab nrab ntawm eutherian mammals thiab tsis yog-mammals. Nyob rau hauv eutherians, lub cheeb tsam yog teem raws chromosome nyob rau hauv thaj tsam kuv-II-III noob chav kawm yog heev ntom thiab occupies ib tug loj cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv uas tsis yog-mammalian MHC cheeb tsam feem ntau muaj tsawg dua noob thiab Chav Kawm kuv thiab II cheeb tsam yog nyob ib sab, tsuas yog teleosts, qhov chaw uas ob cheeb tsam uas txuas. MHC thaj tsam sequenced kom meej, qhov tsawg ua qhov nqaij qaib, uas muaj nyob rau hauv tsuas yog 19 noob 92 kb. [1] Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, 3.6 Mbp (3.6 lab hauv paus khub) nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm MHC chromosome 6 muaj 140 noob flanked los ntawm caj ces cov cim MOG thiab COL11A2. [2] Tus MHC cheeb tsam yog lub feem ntau ntom thiab feem ntau polymorphic noob nyob rau hauv lub mammalian genome, tseem ceeb heev rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev ua me nyuam txoj kev vam meej. Lub MHC cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv marsupials Monodelphis domestica (grey luv luv-tailed Didelphimorphia) yog flanked los ntawm tib cov cim, muaj 3,95 Mb thiab muaj 114 noob, 87 muab qhia rau tib neeg. [1] Lub sib piv nyob nruab nrab ntawm tib neeg MHC cheeb tsam thiab marsupials muaj tau los soj ntsuam cov evolution ntawm no co noob, thiab hais tias marsupials yog ntawm lub eutherian thiab uas tsis yog-mammalian vertebrates, sib cais los ntawm 200 lab xyoo. Li nws tau raug qhia hais tias tso rau neeg siab marsupials MHC cheeb tsam uas zoo sib xws rau mammals nyob rau hauv qhov loj thiab tsis yooj yim, tab sis kuj muaj yam ntxwv zoo xws li lub koom haum mus rau lub cheeb tsam ntawm cov neeg uas tsis-mammalian MHC, uas qhia ib tug yuav ancestral lub koom haum ntawm no cheeb tsam. MHC cheeb tsam no yog muab faib ua 3 subgroups ntawm noob: kev teeb tsa ntawm ib MHC Chav-kuv. MHC hauv chav kawm-Kuv Nyob rau hauv eutherian Chav-kuv cheeb tsam muaj ib co noob uas nws muaj thiab thiaj li metópicos yog conserved nruab nrab ntawm tsiaj. Cov lwg me me uas qhia nyob rau hauv txhua txhua tib neeg cell tsuas yog ntshav liab, germ hlwb, hlwb los ntawm pre-implantation embryos thiab syncytiotrophoblast (embryonic ntaub so ntswg, tsis yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub neej postnatal: cov ntsiab lus ...). [ 3] Muaj ib txhia hlwb, xws li keeb, monocytes thiab hepatocytes, muaj tsawg theem ntawm MHC-kuv lwg me me (tsawg tshaj 103 tauj ib cell: saib cov ntaub ntawv). [4] noob-MHC Chav Kuv (MHC-Kuv) kho glycoproteins nrog immunoglobulin qauv: feature hom α hnyav saw uas yog subdivided rau hauv peb cheeb tsam: α1, α2 thiab α3. No peb cheeb tsam uas raug rau extracellular qhov chaw thiab muaj lawm mus rau lub cell daim nyias nyias los ntawm ib tug transmembrane cheeb tsam. Α saw no yog ib txwm txuam nrog β2 microglobulin qauv uas yog kho los ntawm ib tug nyias muaj nyias cheeb tsam on chromosome 15. Lub ntsiab Function ntawm noob khoom ntawm hom-kuv yog tus intracellular kev nthuav qhia ntawm antigenic peptides rau cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 +). Lub antigenic peptide yog accommodated nyob rau hauv ib tug recess tsim nruab nrab ntawm lub cheeb tsam α1 thiab α2 ntawm hnyav saw, thaum lub MHC-Kuv paub los ntawm cytotoxic T lymphocyte yog α3 saw. Nyob rau hauv no cleft tsim los ntawm α1 thiab α2 thaj tsam raug nthuav peptides 8 mus rau 11 cov amino acids, uas yog vim li cas antigenic peptide kev nthuav qhia yuav tsum tau mus los ntawm ib tug txheej txheem ntawm fragmentation tsis pub dhau lub cell tias expresses nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, muaj ntau isotypes (txawv cov noob) ntawm Chav Kawm-kuv lwg me me, uas muaj peev xwm yuav grouped rau hauv: • "Classic", uas nws yog Function antigen kev nthuav qhia rau CD8 + T lymphocytes: nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no muaj HLA-Ib , HLA-B thiab HLA-C. • "nonclassical" (tseem hu ua MHC chav kawm IB), nrog rau tshwj xeeb functions tsis muaj antigens rau T hlwb, tiam sis uas khi rau inhibitory txias xov ntawm NK hlwb, tsis pub dhau no pab pawg neeg yog cov HLA-E, HLA-F , HLA-G. Yog li ntawd HLA-G proteins muaj dua lub npe hu immunosuppressive thiab muaj qhia nyob rau hauv tus me nyuam hauv plab cytotrophoblast. Qhov no qhia yog xav kom tsis txhob fetus yog tsis txais raws li ib tug hloov [1]. Tus qauv ntawm ib MHC Chav-II. MHC Chav-II Cov noob encode glycoproteins nrog immunoglobulin qauv, tab sis, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tus ua hauj complex yog tsim los ntawm ob tug hlua, ib α thiab β (txhua yam uas ob tug thawj, α1 thiab α2, β1 thiab β2). Txhua tus ntawm yog txuas txuas mus rau cov daim nyias nyias los ntawm ib tug transmembrane cheeb tsam, thiab ob strands yog ntsib txhua lwm yam, nrog rau thawj 1 thiab 2 nyob ib sab mus rau ntawm tes sab nraud. [5] Cov lwg me me uas qhia tsuas yog nyob rau hauv antigen qhia txog hlwb ( phagocytic dendritic thiab B hlwb) nyob qhov twg uas yuav muaj kev antigen peptides extracellular helper T lymphocytes (CD4 +). Lub antigenic peptide yog accommodated nyob rau hauv ib tug recess tsim los ntawm α1 thiab β1 thawj, thaum lub MHC-II Reconco los ntawm T helper cell nyob rau hauv lub saw yog β2. Nyob rau hauv no cleft tsim los ntawm cheeb tsam α1 thiab β1, peptides yog nruab nrab ntawm 12 thiab 16 cov amino acids. MHC-II lwg me me muaj 5-6 isotypes nyob rau hauv tib neeg, thiab muaj peev xwm yuav grouped rau hauv: • "Classical" qhia txog peptides rau CD4 T hlwb, tsis pub dhau no pab pawg neeg muaj HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR; • "nonclassical" khoom ntxiv nrog intracellular functions (tsis raug nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias cell, tab sis nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias Internal ntawm lysosomes) feem ntau loaded antigenic peptides on MHC-II lwg me me Classical yus nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li HLA- HLA-DM thiab PUAS YOG. Ntxiv nrog rau MHC-II lwg me me, qhov Chav-II cheeb tsam yog cov noob maub cov xov antigen processing lwg me me, xws li siv (transporter by txuam nrog antigen processing) thiab Tapasin. MHC Chav-III Qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv muaj noob uas encode secreted proteins uas ua si ob peb lub cev tsis functions: qhuas system Cheebtsam (xws li C2, C4, thiab yam B) thiab o-hais txog kev lwg me me (cytokines xws li TNF-α, LTA, LTB) los yog cua sov ceeb proteins (hsp). Hauv chav kawm-III muaj ib tug ua txawv Function-cov chav kawm kuv thiab II, tab sis yog ntawm lwm yam ob nyob rau hauv lub luv luv caj npab ntawm tib neeg chromosome 6, yog li lawv tau piav ntau zaus ua ke. Polymorphism ntawm noob kuv thiab II MHC-codominant qhia ntawm HLA / MHC. Lub MHC noob uas qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug codominant. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub alleles (variants) niam txiv muaj rau ntawm ob niam txiv yog qhia equivalently: • Thaum muaj peb noob Chav-Kuv nyob rau hauv tib neeg hu ua HLA-A, HLA-B thiab HLA-C, thiab txhua tus neeg inherits ib co txhua tus niam txiv, tej cell ntawm ib tug neeg tej zaum yuav qhia 6 ntau hom MHC-kuv lwg me me. • Nyob rau hauv lub locus ntawm hauv chav kawm-II, txhua tus neeg inherits ib khub HLA-DP (DPA1 thiab DPA2, maub cov xov lub α thiab β txuas), ib khub HLA-DQ (DQA1 thiab DQA2 rau α txuas thiab β), ib tug HLA-DRα (DRA1) thiab ib los yog ob HLA-DRβ noob (DRB1 thiab DRB3, -4 los yog -5). Yog li, ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm inherit heterozygous 6 los sis 8 Chav-II alleles, peb los yog plaub los ntawm txhua tus niam txiv. Kev ua si tam sim no nyob rau hauv txhua alleles chromosome no yog hu ua MHC haplotype. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, txhua HLA allele tau txais ib tug xov tooj. Piv txwv li, rau ib tug muab ib tug tib neeg, lub haplotype HLA-A2 yuav ua tau, HLA-B5, HLA-DR3, lwm yam zoo li ... Txhua tus neeg heterozygous MHC haplotypes muaj ob, ib tug on txhua chromosome (ib paternal thiab ib tug naim li keeb kwm). MHC noob yog heev polymorphic, uas txhais tau hais tias muaj ntau sib txawv alleles nyob rau hauv cov tib neeg sib txawv ntawm cov pej xeem. Polymorphism yog li ntawd kuj zoo kawg thiab uas nyob rau hauv ib tug tov cov pej xeem (tsis inbred) tsis muaj ob tus neeg muaj raws nraim tib co noob thiab MHC lwg me me, tsuas yog rau identical ntxaib. Polymorphic thaj tsam ntawm txhua allele yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm kev sib cuag nrog lub peptide yuav tsum tau nthuav mus rau lymphocyte. Rau qhov no yog vim li cas, hu rau lub cheeb tsam ntawm txhua MHC allele yog yeej nce mus nce los, txij li thaum MHC polymorphic seem yog tsi ntsees rau qhov qhib nyob rau hauv uas nws muaj peev xwm yuav qhia tsuas yog tej yam hom ntawm qhov seem ntawm peptide, uas imposes ib tug thwj toob hom heev ncaj heev ntawm peptide thiab MHC qauv. Qhov no paub licas hais tias txhua tus uas txawv ntawm MHC qauv yuav khi uas tsuas yog cov peptides uas haum kom yog rau hauv zawj ntawm MHC qauv, uas yog nce mus nce los rau txhua allele. Yog li, MHC lwg me me muaj ib tug broad tseem rau peptide thwj toob, txij txhua MHC qauv yuav khi ntau, tab sis tsis yog txhua txhua hom kev ua tau peptides. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb feature ntawm MHC lwg me me: ib yam ib tug tib neeg, ib ob peb lwg me me yog txaus txawv yuav tsum muaj peev xwm nthuav qhia ntau yam ntawm peptides. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, nyob rau hauv ib cov pej xeem, qhov hais ntau alleles kom muaj yuav ib txhia tus neeg uas possesses ib MHC qauv peev xwm ntawm Loading qhov uas tsim nyog peptide pom ib tug microbe concreto.La MHC polymorphism evolution kom cov pej xeem hais tias ib tug yuav muaj peev xwm mus tiv thaiv tawm tsam lossis loj muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov uas twb muaj microbes thiab tsis txhob succumb mus rau muaj ib tug tshiab los yog pathogen pathogen mutated, vim hais tias muaj tsawg kawg yog ib co tib neeg yuav muaj peev xwm los tsim ib qho kev txaus lub cev tsis teb rau lub yeej pathogen. Sin txawv nyob rau hauv MHC zaj (polymorphism lub luag hauj lwm) tshwm sim los ntawm qub txeeg qub teg los ntawm txawv MHC lwg me me, thiab koj tsis ntxias los ntawm recombination, raws li nrog antigen txias xov. Functions MHC-kuv thiab II lwg me me muaj ob hom antigenic peptides mus rau T lymphocytes, lub luag hauj lwm rau lub cev tsis meej lus teb rau tshem tawm lub pathogen lub luag hauj lwm rau qhuav ntawm xws antigens. Txawm li ntawd los, MHC hauv chav kawm-kuv thiab II xov mus rau ob txawv Pathways ntawm antigen kev thiab yog txuam nrog rau ob tug sib txawv cev tsis tiv thaiv systems: [5] Table 1. Yam ntxwv ntawm antigen processing Pathways feature Milky Way MHC-II MHC-Kuv nyob tus yeees ntawm ruaj peptide-MHC ua polymorphic α thiab β txuas, peptide ki uake mus rau ob qho tib si polymorphic α saw thiab β2 microglobulin, α saw ki uake peptide qhia txog hlwb Hom antigen (APC) dendritic hlwb, mononuclear phagocytes, B lymphocytes, ib txhia hlab ntsha tsis ua hauv lwm hlwb, thymus epithelium Yuav luag tag nrho cov nucleated hlwb T lymphocytes peev xwm ntawm teb T helper (CD4 +) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 +) keeb kwm ntawm antigenic proteins Proteins nthuav qhia nyob rau hauv endosomes los yog lysosomes (feem ntau internalized lub extracellular ib puag ncig) cytosolic proteins (lawn cov coob tsim los ntawm tus cell, kuj yuav nkag mus rau los ntawm kev rau sab nraum phagosomes) enzymes lub luag hauj lwm rau tiam ntawm peptides Proteases endosomes thiab lysosomes (raws li cathepsin ) Lub proteasome cytosolic site peptide loading nrog rua lub MHC qauv vesicular ib qhov caws tshwj xeeb endoplasmic reticulum lwg me me muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub thauj thiab loading ntawm peptides on MHC invariant saw, DM siv (transporter txuam nrog antigen processing) T lymphocytes los ntawm ib tug neeg uas tso rau neeg siab ib tug hu ua vaj tse MHC kev txwv: tsuas txhom tau ib tug antigen yog hais tias nws yog nthuav los ntawm ib lub qauv ntawm MHC tib tug neeg. Qhov no yog vim hais tias txhua T cell muaj ib dual tseem: lub T cell txais xov (hu ua T cell txais xov TCR) yeej pom tau tias ib co seem ntawm peptide thiab nplawg ntia ib co seem ntawm MHC qauv uas qhib pib nws. Qhov no vaj tse yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv kev sib hloov ntawm plab hnyuv siab raum, thiab txhais tau hais tias, thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob, T hlwb yuav tsum tau "kawm" mus rau tus neeg ntawd paub txog tus cai MHC lwg me me, los ntawm ua txheej txheem ntawm maturation thiab xaiv uas yuav siv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub thymus. MHC lwg me me muaj peev xwm tsuas muaj peptides, implying tias T hlwb, txij thaum lawv muaj peev xwm tsuas pom antigen seb puas yog txuam rau ib tug MHC qauv tsuas nti mus antigens ntawm protein keeb kwm (los ntawm microbes) thiab tsis muaj lwm yam tshuaj chaw tub rog nyob (los yog Phem Lipids, los yog nucleic acids los sis sugars). Txhua MHC qauv tej zaum yuav muaj ib peptide nyob rau ib lub sij hawm, txij thaum lub nruab nraqb ntawm ob lub mis ntawm tus qauv tsuas muaj qhov chaw mus pab ib tug peptide. Txawm li cas los, ib tug muab MHC qauv muaj ib broad tseem, vim hais tias muaj ntau yam sib txawv peptides tau muaj (tab sis tsis yog txhua txhua). Peptide kev txuam nrog MHC-kuv lwg me me: proteins tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub cytosol yog degraded los ntawm proteasome, thiab lub resulting peptides yog internalized los ntawm siv cov channel nyob rau hauv lub endoplasmic reticulum, qhov chaw uas lawv associate nrog tshiab tsim lwg me me ntawm MHC-kuv. Lub peptide-MHC-kuv dhau Golgi apparatus, qhov chaw uas lawv glycosylated, thiab ces mus rau secretory vesicles tias lub pos txuas hluav taws xob nrog lub cell daim nyias nyias, thiaj li hais tias ntau ceg yog raug rau sab nraum, lub hom phiaj rau kev sib cuag nrog rau T hlwb circulating. MHC peptide qhia txog nrhiav sab nraum lub cell daim nyias nyias thaum lub sij hawm nws tus kheej biosynthesis, tsis pub dhau lub cell. Yog li ntawd, peptides nthuav by MHC lwg me me uas muab tau los ntawm microbes hauv lub cell, thiab qhov no yog vim li cas vim li cas lub T lymphocytes, qhia tsuas yog thaum txuam peptides rau MHC lwg me me, tsuas txhom tau microbes thiab cell txuam qeb ib lub cev tsis teb tawm tsam intracellular microbes. Nws yog noteworthy uas MHC-kuv lwg me me tau peptides muab tau cytosolic proteins, qhov MHC-II lwg me me tau peptides ntawm proteins nyob rau hauv intracellular vesicles. Yog li ntawd, MHC-kuv lwg me me tam sim no rau nws tus kheej peptides, kis peptides (tsim los ntawm lub cell nws tus kheej) los yog muab tau los ntawm peptides ingested microbes nyob rau hauv phagosomes. MHC-II lwg me me, nyob rau hauv lem, tam sim no peptides muab tau los ntawm ingested microbes nyob rau hauv vesicles (xws lwg me me tsuas qhia nyob rau hauv phagocytic hlwb). MHC lwg me me tsuas qhia stably nyob rau hauv lub cell daim nyias nyias yog hais tias lawv muaj ib tug nqi peptide, tus muaj peptide stabilizes lub qauv ntawm MHC lwg me me, lub "npliag" lwg me me yog degraded tsis pub dhau lub cell. MHC lwg me me loaded nrog ib tug peptide tej zaum yuav nyob twj ywm rau hauv daim nyias nyias rau hnub, ntev txaus kom ntseeg tau tias ib tug uas tsim nyog T cell yeej pom tau tias tus ua thiab pib lub cev tsis teb. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus tib neeg muaj peev xwm nthuav qhia MHC lwg me me tib si txawv teb chaws peptides (los ntawm pathogens) thiab peptides muab tau los ntawm tus neeg ntawd tus kheej proteins. Qhov no paub licas hais tias, thaum twg los tau muab lub sij hawm, tsuas yog ib tug me me ib feem ntawm MHC lwg me me los ntawm ib lub cell muaj ib tug txawv teb chaws peptide: feem coob ntawm peptides uas yuav nthuav qhia lawv tus kheej, vim lawv yog cov ntau tshaj. Txawm li ntawd los, T lymphocytes muaj peev xwm ntawm ntes tau ib tug peptide nthuav los ntawm nkaus xwb 0.1% -1% ntawm MHC lwg me me rau triggering ib lub cev tsis teb. Lub peptides lawv tus kheej, Ntxiv mus, tsis tau pib ib lub cev tsis teb (tshwj tsis yog nyob rau hauv zaum ntawm autoimmune kab mob), vim hais tias cov T hlwb meej rau tus kheej-antigens raug pov tseg los yog inactivated nyob rau hauv lub thymus. Txawm li cas los, qhov muaj rau tus kheej peptides txuam nrog rau MHC lwg me me tseem ceeb heev rau supervisory Function ntawm T hlwb: Cov hlwb raug tas li saib xyuas hauv lub cev, tshuaj xyuas qhov muaj rau tus kheej peptides txuam nrog MHC lwg me me thiab triggering ib lub cev tsis teb nyob rau hauv tsawg zaum uas txhom tau ib tug txawv teb chaws peptide. MHC lwg me me nyob rau hauv hloov tsis ua MHC lwg me me raug qhia thiab muaj npe uas rau lawv cov luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv hloov tsis sib txawv lim ntawm inbred nas. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, MHC lwg me me yog leukocyte antigens (HLA). Nws coj ntau tshaj li 20 xyoo mus rau nkag siab txog physiologic Function ntawm MHC lwg me me nyob rau hauv kev nthuav qhia ntawm peptides rau T hlwb [6] Raws li tau piav saum toj no, txhua tus tib neeg ntawm tes hais tawm hauv chav kawm ntawv MHC alleles 6-Kuv (allele HLA-A, -B thiab C-ntawm txhua tus niam txiv) thiab 6-8 alleles MHC hauv chav kawm-2 (ib-DP thiab HLA-DQ, thiab ib los yog ob ntawm HLA-DR los ntawm txhua tus niam txiv, thiab ib co kev sib txuas ntawm cov). Lub polymorphism ntawm MHC noob yog heev: nws yog Kwv yees hais tias cov pej xeem muaj yam tsawg 350 alleles ntawm HLA-A, 620 HLA-B, DR alleles xyoo 400 90 DQ alleles. Raws li cov alleles yuav niam txiv muaj rau thiab qhia nyob rau hauv ntau kev sib txuas, txhua tus neeg yuav qhia ib co lwg me me yuav txawv los ntawm lwm tus neeg lwg me me, tsuas yog identical ntxaib. Tag nrho cov MHC lwg me me yuav ua tau lub hom phaj ntawm hloov tsis ua, tab sis, HLA-DP thiab HLA-C muaj ib tug tsawg polymorphism, thiab tej zaum yog los ntawm cov muaj hnub nyoog tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv rejections. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug hloov (khoom hauv nrog cev los sis qia hlwb), HLA lwg me me ua antigens: tau qeb ib lub cev tsis teb nyob rau hauv cov neeg, uas mus rau graft tsis ua. Paub ntawm MHC antigens on hlwb los ntawm lwm tus neeg ntawd yog ib yam ntawm cov muaj zog tshaj lub cev tsis paub cov lus teb. Qhov yog vim li cas uas tus neeg nti tawm tsam lwm tus MHC lwg me me uas ncaj zoo to taub. Thaum lub sij hawm maturation ntawm T lymphocytes, lawv xaiv raws li lawv muaj peev xwm mus paub txog TCR ntau ceg weakly "rau nws tus kheej peptide: nws tus kheej MHC." Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tus, T hlwb yuav tsum tsis txhob nti mus rau ib tug ua "txawv teb chaws peptide: MHC coj txawv txawv", uas yog dab tsi yuav tshwm nyob rau hauv lub transplanted hlwb. Txawm li ntawd los, nws nkawd hais tias dab tsi tshwm sim yog ib hom ntawm Cross-ras txog: tus neeg ntawd T cell txais xov yuav tsis ncaj ncees lawm, vim hais tias pub dawb lub MHC qauv yog zoo xws li tias ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub TCR thwj toob cheeb tsam (nce mus nce los cheeb tsam ntawm yog MHC nyob rau hauv qhov qhia txog peptide thwj toob). Rau qhov no yog vim li cas, tus tau txais tus neeg lymphocytes txhais ua tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm transplanted khoom hauv nrog cev raws li "txawv teb chaws peptide: MHC rau nws tus kheej" thiab qeb ib lub cev tsis teb tawm tsam lub cev "invader", vim hais tias nws yog ntaus nqi nyob rau tib txoj kev uas ib tug ntaub nws tus kheej mob los yog qog, tab sis nrog ib tug ntau siab dua tus naj npawb ntawm ntau ceg peev xwm ntawm initiating teb. Cov paub ntawm txawv teb chaws MHC qauv raws li nws tus kheej los ntawm T lymphocytes hu ua allorecognition. Nws muaj ob hom kev ua tau hloov tsis ua kho hom haum xeeb los ntawm MHC lwg me me (HLA): • hyperacute tsis ua: tshwm sim thaum ib tug tib neeg txais tau preformed anti-HLA tshuaj ua ntej kev sib hloov, uas tej zaum yuav yog vim qhov ua ntej cov ntshav transfusions ( nrog rau cov pub dawb lymphocytes nrog HLA lwg me me), lub tiam ntawm anti-HLA thaum lub sij hawm cev xeeb tub (leej txiv tawm tsam HLA tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub fetus) thiab kawm tiav ntawm ib tug yav dhau los hloov; • mob humoral tsis ua thiab tsis ua hauj lwm ntev khoom hauv nrog cev hloov: vim tus tsim ntawm anti-HLA tshuaj nyob rau hauv tus neeg tawm tsam HLA lwg me me nthuav qhia on hlab ntsha tsis ua hauv lwm hlwb kev sib hloov. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si zaum, muaj ib tug cev tsis ras txog tawm tsam transplanted khoom hauv nrog cev, yuav tsim kom muaj kev raug mob nyob rau hauv tib lub, uas mus poob ntawm Function, thawj cov ntaub ntawv tam sim ntawd thiab tau nyob rau hauv lub thib ob. Rau qhov no yog vim li cas, nws yog ib qhov tseem ceeb heev los mus ua ib tug Cross-ras txog nruab nrab ntawm pub dawb hlwb thiab txais lub ntshav dej rau muaj anti-HLA tshuaj nyob rau hauv txais preformed tawm tsam pub dawb HLA lwg me me thiab tiv thaiv kom txhob hyperacute tsis ua. Feem ntau, nws yog soj ntsuam tus ne ntawm HLA-A, B-thiab-DR: raws li tus naj npawb ntawm inconsistencies, lub 5-xyoo ciaj txo kev sib hloov. Tag nrho cov nom ne tsuas yog nruab nrab ntawm identical ntxaib, tab sis tam sim no muaj cov databases ntawm tus pub toob plaws ntiaj-teb mus rau sab qhov tseeb HLA ne lub nruab nrab ntawm ib tug muaj peev xwm pub dawb thiab txais. Antibody From Wikipedia, cov dawb phau ntawv qhia txog ntau ntau yam Jump mus rau: navigation, tshawb zoo immunoglobulin qauv nrog typical Y-puab Nyob rau hauv xiav twb pom plaub hnyav saw Ig thawj, qhov teeb ntsuab txuas yog tshwm. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub qia (feem tas mus li FC) thiab ceg (Fab) muaj ib qho thinner feem hu ua "hinge cheeb tsam" (hinge). Antibody (tseem hu ua immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) yog glycoproteins gamma globulin hom. Yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no nyob rau hauv soluble cov ntshav los yog lwm yam kua bodily ntawm vertebrates, muaj ib tug identical duab uas ua raws li B cell txais xov thiab yog ua hauj lwm rau lub cev los txheeb xyuas thiab neutralize txawv teb chaws kawm xws li cov kab mob, virus los yog parasites. [1] Lub typical antibody yog muaj ntawm cov structural units, txhua yam uas ob tug loj hnyav txuas thiab ob lub teeb txuas ntawm cov me loj uas tsim, piv txwv li, monomers nrog ib tug unit, ob units dimers los yog pentamers nrog tsib units . Tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm ib tug hom dawb cov ntshav cell hu ua B lymphocyte Nws muaj ntau hom antibody isotypes, raws li yuav ua li cas hnyav saw tuav. Tsib txawv cov chav kawm ntawv uas nyob rau hauv lub npe hu mammals isotypes ua si sib txawv luag hauj lwm, pab coj cov uas tsim nyog cev tsis teb rau txhua txawv hom txawv teb chaws yam khoom lawv ntsib. [2] Txawm hais tias kev dav dav qauv ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj yog heev uas zoo sib xws, ib tug me me ntawm cheeb tsam apex ntawm protein yog tsis tshua muaj nce mus nce los, lub hom phiaj rau qhov hais lab ntawm cov tshuaj, txhua yam uas ib tug me ntsis txawv kawg. Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm qhov protein yog hu ua hypervariable cheeb tsam. Txhua tus ntawm cov variants yuav nrog ib tug "qhov hom phiaj yog" lwm yam, uas yog dab tsi yog hu ua ib tug antigen. [3] Qhov no lossis loj muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov tshuaj ua tom lub cev kom paub txog ntau yam ntawm antigens sib npaug high school. Qhov tsuas yog ib feem ntawm qhov antigen pom zoo los ntawm antibody yog hu ua epitope. Cov epitopes khi nrog nws antibody nyob rau hauv ib tug heev meej nrog uake no yog hu ua ntxias adaptation uas tso cai rau lub tshuaj los txheeb xyuas thiab khi tsuas yog lawv txawv antigen ntawm lub lab ntawm txawv lwg me me tias ua li ib tug organism. Cov paub los ntawm ib tug antigen los ntawm ib tug antibody nws rau tua los ntawm lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub cev. Cov tshuaj kuj yuav neutralize lub hom phaj ncaj qha los ntawm, piv txwv li, rau ib tug thwj toob ntawm ib tug pathogen tsim nyog rau nws mus ua ib tug kab mob. Qhov loj ntawm cov pej xeem antibody muaj ntau haiv neeg yog generated by Random kev sib txuas ntawm ib co txawv noob feem maub cov xov lub antigen-thwj toob qhov chaw (los yog paratopes), uas tom qab yauv mus ua Random hloov mus nyob rau hauv no cheeb tsam ntawm lub antibody noob, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug txawm ntau ntau haiv neeg. [2] [4] Tus antibody noob kuj rearranged nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej txheem lub npe hu li immunoglobulin hauv chav kawm ntawv uas hloov pauv lub hauv paus ntawm qhov hnyav saw mus rau lwm lub, tsim kom muaj ib tug txawv antibody isotype uas tuav lub nce mus nce los cheeb tsam meej mus rau qhov hom phiaj yog antigen. Qhov no tso cai rau ib antibody yuav siv tau rau ntau qhov chaw hauv lub cev tsis system. Lub qhuav ntawm tshuaj yog lub ntsiab Function ntawm humoral cev. [5] Lub antigen-antibody (Ag-AB) yog ib yam ntawm cov cornerstones nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev lub cev tsis teb. Lo lus yog hais txog yam thwj toob ntawm ib antibody nrog ib tug antigen rau inhibiting los yog slowing nws cov tshuaj muaj taug. Lub structural kev txuas ntawm macromolecules yog ua los ntawm ob peb lub zog rog uas ua nrog deb, xws li hydrogen ua ke, lub Van Der Waals rog, electrostatic sib thiab hydrophobic. Ag-AB paub yog ib txhij ras txog yog li ntawd yuav siv qhov chaw los ntawm ntau noncovalent bonds nruab nrab ntawm ib tug ntawm cov amino acid antigen thiab antibody thwj toob site. Lub ras txog yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm nws tseem, ceev, spontaneity thiab reversibility. Txheem [zais] 1 nta ◦ ◾ ◾ 1.2 ceev 1.1 tseem ◾ ◾ 1.4 1.3 Spontaneity Reversibility tseem ntxwv antibody muaj peev xwm mus khi antigen uas tsa los ntawm epitope los yog antigenic determinant by qaug zog intermolecular bonds. Cov thwj toob tseem yog muab los ntawm heev ncaj heev thiab qhia qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm tshuaj tej pawg neeg tsawg nrog sib txawv txawm lawv sib xws, thiab tso cai rau tus raug ntes ntawm ib antigen nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug. Lub ceev sai sai tshwm sim thawj theem ntawm qhov Ag-AB ras txog yog ntawm kom ntawm milliseconds, thiab yog tag xwb by diffusion. Qhov thib ob theem, uas yog ntev muaj xws li tag nrho cov manifestations uas tshwm sim raws li ib tug los ntawm lub nrog uake, xws li los nag, agglutination, neutralization, lwm yam zoo li. Spontaneity Ag-AB ras txog yuav tsum tsis ntxiv zog yuav tsum tau ua. Txij thaum ras txog reversibility yog vim tsis-covalent rog, yog reversible thiab, yog li ntawd, yog cuam tshuam los ntawm yam tseem ceeb xws li kub, qhov ratio ntawm Ag-AC, pH thiab ionic lub zog. Cov tsos mob los yog tshuaj keeb ua said ras txog yog hu ua ib tug allergen, thiab txhais raws li cov tsos mob tshwm sim los allergic kev tig cev. Thaum ib tug allergen nkag hauv lub cev ntawm ib yam kev kawm uas yog allergic mus rau nws, lawv cev teb los ntawm ua ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj hu ua IgE. Tus tom ntej kis tau mus rau allergen ua rau tso tawm tshuaj mediators, nrog rau cov histamine, uas tsim lub typical cov tsos mob ntawm allergic ras txog. Cev From Wikipedia, cov dawb phau ntawv qhia txog ntau ntau yam Jump mus rau: navigation, tshawb zoo cev Neutrophil Neutrophil nrog anthrax copy.jpg (daj) ingested by phagocytosis ntawm cov kab mob anthrax (Naraja). Cov duab sib raug mus rau ib luam roj electron lub koob txom. Cov dawb kab sib raug mus rau 5 microns. Tiv thaiv Function ntawm ib organism mus rau sab nraud cov neeg ua hauj lawm. Cov qauv Synonyms Dawb cov ntshav leukocytes los yog cev cev Ib tug cev, cev los yog cev (los ntawm Latin hauv-mūn (itātem) 'tsis muaj khi' cient. 'Tiv thaiv' thiab Greek syn σύν 'nrog', 'lub union ',' system ',' set ') yog ib co qauv txheeb raws roj ntsha thiab kev tsis pub dhau ib organism uas tiv thaiv tawm tsam tus kab mob los ntawm paub thiab tua pathogens thiab cancerous hlwb. [1] detects ntau yam ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lawm, los ntawm virus rau plab hnyuv parasites, [2] [3] thiab yuav tsum tau qhia qhov txawv lawv los ntawm lawv tus kheej hlwb thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev mus rau Function kom yog. Lub cev yog tsuas yog tsim ntawm leukocytes (lymphocytes, [4] lwm leukocytes, [5] antibody [6] T hlwb [7], cytokines [7] macrophages [7], neutrophils [7] ntawm lwm Cheebtsam uas pab tau koj khiav). [7] Nov yog tham raws li pathogens tau evolve sai heev, ua adaptations hais tias kom tsis txhob muaj lub cev thiab cia lub pathogens kom ntse kis lawv qhua. [8] Yuav kom kov yeej kev sib tw no, ntau yam tswv yim ua hloov zuj zuj tias pom thiab neutralize pathogens. Txawm yooj yim unicellular tej yam me muaj sia xws li cov kab mob nqa enzyme systems uas tiv thaiv kab mob kis. Lwm yam yooj yim lub cev tsis hloov zuj zuj tswv yim ua nyob rau hauv ancient eukaryotes thiab nyob twj ywm rau hauv lawv cov niaj hnub los, xws li nroj tsuag, ntses, reptiles thiab kab. Cov no muaj xws li cov tswv yim ua antimicrobial peptides hu ua defensins, [9] lub phagocytosis thiab qhuas system. Vertebrates, nrog rau cov tib neeg, muaj kev tiv thaiv tswv yim ua ntau txawm ntse. [10] Lub vertebrate cev tsis systems xws li ntawm ntau hom proteins, hlwb, plab hnyuv siab raum thiab cov ntaub so ntswg, uas nyob rau hauv ib qho kev koom tes interact thiab dynamic network. Raws li ib feem ntawm no ntau ua lub cev tsis teb, tib neeg cev adapts tshaj li lub sij hawm kom paub meej pathogens ntau zoo. Nyob rau hauv no adaptation txheej txheem no hu ua "coj kev tiv thaiv" los yog "nrhiav kev tiv thaiv" muaj peev xwm los tsim ib qho immunological nco. [11] Immunological nco tau tsim los ntawm ib tug thawj lus teb rau ib tug meej pathogen, muab ib qho kev kho kom zoo teb rau qib siab ntsib nrog tias tib yam pathogen. Txoj kev no ntawm nrhiav kev tiv thaiv raws li txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lub cev mob muaj cuab kav yuav ua rau cov kab mob. Immunodeficiency tshwm sim thaum lub cev yog tsawg dua kom nquag plias tshaj qub, [12] resulting nyob rau hauv recurrent mob thiab tuag taus. Immunodeficiency muaj peev xwm ua tau rau los ntawm ib caj ces tus kab mob, xws li mob hnyav ua ke Immunodeficiency, [13] los yog yuav tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshuaj los yog kab mob, xws li nrhiav Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) yog tshwm sim los ntawm tus kab mob HIV retrovirus. [14] sib piv, autoimmune kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm ib qho kev overactive cev attacking qub raws li cov ntaub so ntswg yog hais tias lawv txawv teb chaws tej yam me muaj sia. Cov qhov uas cov kab mob autoimmune muaj xws li Hashimoto lub thyroiditis, rheumatoid mob pob txaws, mob ntshav qab zib mellitus hom 1 thiab lupus erythematosus. Immunology npog txoj kev kawm no los ntawm tag nrho cov yam ntawm lub cev uas muaj tseem ceeb sib nqe rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv thiab muaj tus kab mob. Nws yuav tsum hais tias ntxiv kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no ua ib tug loj nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm nce qib ntawm kev noj qab nyob thiab kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob. Immunoassay From Wikipedia, cov dawb phau ntawv qhia txog ntau ntau yam Jump mus rau: navigation, search Immunoassay yog ib co analytical laboratory immunochemical cov tswv yim muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev siv lub cev tsis ntau ceg, piv txwv li ntawm qhov conjugation ntawm tshuaj thiab antigens, raws li chiv keeb ntawm quantification ntawm ib analyte (lub tshuaj nyob rau hauv analysis) txiav txim siab, uas yuav ua tau lub antibody (AB) los yog antigen (Ag), uas siv cov kev ntsuas raws li ib tug kos qauv uas yog ib feem ntawm ras txog nrog rau lub cev tsis ua nyob rau hauv qhov kev xeem los yog tshuaj tshuaj ntsuam. Cov kev no yog raws li cov high school thiab tseem sib ze ntawm cov tshuaj rau lawv meej antigens thiab siv tshuaj monoclonal (tau nyob rau hauv laboratory) los yog polyclonal sera (muab los ntawm cov tsiaj), yog xav paub ntau tshaj meej monoclonals. Nws high rhiab heev thiab tseem tso cai rau lub quantification ntawm cov organic sib txuas nthuav qhia nyob rau hauv cov kua hauv tsawg concentration nyob rau hauv lub nanogram / ml los sis picogram / ml. Cov kev loj hlob ntawm immunoassay tau zoo feem nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob dab tsi mob los ntawm laboratory xeem los yog saib mob Chemistry. Rau qhov kev ntsuas kev ◦ sib tw: lub antigen (Ag) yuav tsum tau ntsuas competes nrog sau lo rau antigen rau antibody (AB). Yog ntsuas los ntawm tus nqi ntawm sau lo rau antigen uas yog xam tau tias yog unconjugated inversely xwm yeem mus rau analyte. ◦ tsis sib tw (tseem hu ua Sandwich) lub Ag nyob rau hauv cov qauv reacts nrog ob txawv AC uas khi mus rau txawv seem ntawm Ag. AC ib tug yog feem ntau khoom kev them nyiaj yug rau chaw sib cais ntawm ki uake feem, thiab lwm yam yog cov cim AC. Yog ntsuas los ntawm qhov nyiaj ntawm kos uas yog suav tias yog ncaj qha xwm yeem rau tus nqi ntawm analyte. Lub medium qhov twg lub ntsuas yog ◦ Homogeneous: Nyob rau hauv hom kev xeem teeb liab generated by lub thwj toob ntawm antigen thiab antibody yog ntsuas ncaj qha nyob rau tib nrab uas yog siv los txhawb tsim ntawm lub cev tsis ua. Ua kev ◦: Nyob rau hauv hom kev xeem teeb liab generated by lub thwj toob ntawm antigen thiab antibody yog ntsuas los ntawm ib tug txawv txhais tau tias tshaj li uas siv rau lub cev tsis ua thwj toob, feem ntau yog koom nrog ib nrab kauj ruam ntawm ntxuav kom tshem tawm cov cuam tshuam. Yog suav tias yog homogeneous immunoassays noncompetitive hom ntawv yog feem ntau kuj nkag thiab meej. ◦ kos by Radioimmunoassay (RIA): Lub daim ntawv lo yog ib tug radioactive isotope. ◦ Enzimoinmunoanálsis (EIA): cov daim ntawv lo yog ib qho enzyme xws li enzyme immunoassay kev paub los ntawm abbreviation ELISA. ◦ fluoroimmunoassay: tus kos yog ib tug Fluorescent qauv, xws li FPIA. ◦ Xeem Inmunoquimioluminiscente: lub hom yog feem ntau ib qho enzyme peev xwm ntawm catalyzing ib chemiluminescent ras txog. Yog sib npaug los yog ntau tshaj kuj nkag tshaj radioimmunoassay, thiab tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo uas yuav kov radioactive tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv sib piv yog underdeveloped thiab tsis tau yuav thov. ◦ siv ntsuas hormone theem: piv txwv li ntsuas theem ntawm lub qog hormones los yog estrogen ◦ ntsuas ntshav dej metabolites uas nws npaum li cas los yog muaj yog pov thawj ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm tes: piv txwv li ntsuas myocardial biomarkers xws li troponins ◦ Nov virus: piv txwv li, qhov ua rau ntawm tus kab mob siab thiab lawv qhia ◦ Nov ntawm mob cancer los yog qog hlwb: los ntawm kev nws cov proteins thiab qog cov cim tso tawm rau hauv ntshav dej ntawm cov neeg mob. ◦ ntes tau kis mus rau cov neeg ua hauj lawm kis: piv txwv li Rubella los yog toxoplasmosis nyob rau hauv uas cev xeeb tub los yog immunosuppressed neeg. Nov ntawm metabolites ◦ ntsuas muaj sia muaj teeb meem, los ntawm nws muaj los yog tshaj tus nqi nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, piv txwv li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm anemia ntsuas ferritin theem. ◦ kev ntsuas theem ntawm cov tshuaj, siv yeeb siv tshuaj los ntawm kev tsim txom thiab cov ntshav toxins. CRE: tsis qhia lawv cov khoom nyob rau hauv vitro li tiv thaiv tus IP patentable siv thiab kev tshwm sim los ntawm Dr Brzostowski SA Laboratory, thiab siv nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm ntau rheumatic kab mob, nyiaj lub natural tiv thaiv thiab kev noj qab nyob restructuring, pib lub kev tshawb fawb rau hauv hauj lwm ntawm lub pancreas thiab kho ntawm cov ntshav qab zib, rejuvenating peb lub cev hlwb.

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Recombined hlwb nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm lub Dr Brzostowski Hector Damian enzyme thawj kom nkag siab txog lub Basics rau koj tsiv mus rau qhov nkag siab txog yuav ua li cas no enzyme. Tiv thaiv tawm tsam tswv yim ua aggression nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv: Raws li Wikipedia txuag kuv sau tag nrho laj rau tus nyeem ntawv muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem tag nrho yog raws li ntau cov phau ntawv raws li Wikipedia thiab thaum kawg qhib pib lub CRE "recombined hlwb Enzyme" .. . Microorganisms los yog toxins uas tau txais mus rau hauv ib qho kev organism yuav ntsib lub hlwb thiab tswv yim ua ntawm innate cev. Lub innate cev tsis teb yog feem ntau txhais thaum microbes muaj qhia los ntawm qauv paub txias xov tias pom yam uas tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov loj tej pawg neeg ntawm tej yam me muaj sia, los yog thaum uas puas hlwb, raug mob los yog nyuab siab xa lub tswb teeb, muaj ntau yam uas (tab sis tsis yog tag nrho cov) uas pom zoo los ntawm tib lub txias xov tias pom pathogens. Cov kab mob uas ua tau penetrate ib lub cev yuav ntsib lub hlwb thiab tswv yim ua ntawm innate cev. Lub innate cev tsis tiv thaiv cov neeg uas tsis yog-meej, lub ntsiab lus no systems pom thiab teb rau pathogens nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tsis tseem. Qhov no system tsis confer kawg nkaus kev tiv thaiv tawm tsam pathogen. Lub innate cev yog lub tseem ceeb system ntawm kev tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov loj feem ntau ntawm tej yam me muaj sia. Kev tiv thaiv: Lub innate cev muaj lub hlwb thiab tswv yim ua uas tiv thaiv tus tswj tuav los ntawm tus kab mob los ntawm lwm yam tej yam me muaj sia, uas tsis yog-uas. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub hlwb ntawm innate system paub txog, thiab teb rau pathogens nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis tseem txoj kev, Tsis zoo li cov coj cev, nws tsis confer mus sij hawm ntev kev tiv thaiv los yog tiv thaiv tus tswj tuav. Lub ntsiab functions ntawm innate cev nyob rau hauv vertebrates muaj xws li: nrhiav ntawm lub cev tsis hlwb mus rau qhov chaw ntawm tus kab mob thiab o los ntawm ua tshuaj yam tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshuaj mediators, hu ua cytokines. Cascade qhib rua ntawm qhuas system los txheeb xyuas cov kab mob, qhib hlwb, thiab txhawb qhov clearance ntawm tuag hlwb los yog antibody ntau ceg. Txog qhia kom paub thiab tshem tawm ntawm txawv teb chaws tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv plab hnyuv siab raum, cov ntaub so ntswg, cov ntshav thiab lymph, by leukocytes. Qhov qhib rua ntawm coj cev los ntawm ib tug txheej txheem lub npe hu li antigen kev nthuav qhia. Qhov loj histocompatibility complex (MHC los yog MHC, lus Askiv acronym rau lub loj histocompatibility complex), los sis loj histocompatibility ua, yog ib tsev neeg ntawm noob nyob rau lub luv luv caj npab ntawm chromosome 6 uas nws cov khoom uas muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev nthuav qhia rau antigen lymphocytes T. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, noob MHC tshwm sim tawm tus thiaj li hu HLA (rau cov tib neeg leukocyte antigen), vim hais tias cov proteins li antigens pom on leukocytes, uas yuav ntes tau nrog tshuaj. Lub MHC noob yog tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv lub cev lub cev tsis tiv thaiv tawm tsam pathogens, thiab nyob rau lwm tes, tshwm sim tawm lub ntsiab teeb meem kev sib hloov khoom hauv nrog cev thiab qia cell. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub luv luv caj npab ntawm chromosome 6 muaj MHC noob muaj cov ntaub ntawv: • tej yam kua ntshav daim nyias nyias glycoproteins muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ua ntawm antigen processing thiab kev nthuav qhia rau T hlwb: yog grouped rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawv II noob ( maub cov xov proteins MHC-II) thiab cov chav kawm ntawv Kuv noob (maub cov xov proteins MHC-Kuv) • thiab cytokines thiab qhuas system proteins, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub cev tsis teb, tab sis muaj ib yam dabtsi ua nrog noob MHC, cov noob uas nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawv grouped III. Ob hom lwg me me muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub cev tsis teb, uas tso cai rau txog qhia kom paub los ntawm lub lwg me me lawv tus kheej thiab txawv (tes heev), mus tshem tawm qhov yav tas los ntawm kev sib txawv tswv yim ua. Qhov chaw sib piv genomic ntsuam ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub MHC cheeb tsam nruab nrab ntawm heev nyob deb tsiaj tau qhia qhov muaj rearrangements tsis pub dhau lub cheeb tsam meej storyline thiab cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv tsis yooj yim ntawm noob. Tus qauv ntawm MHC cheeb tsam no yog paub yam tsawg xya tsiaj ntawm mammals Euterios (placental), ob tug noog tsib teleost ntses thiab sharks. Nws muaj zoo sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm lub MHC cheeb tsam nruab nrab ntawm eutherian mammals thiab tsis yog-mammals. Nyob rau hauv eutherians, lub cheeb tsam yog teem raws chromosome nyob rau hauv thaj tsam kuv-II-III noob chav kawm yog heev ntom thiab occupies ib tug loj cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv uas tsis yog-mammalian MHC cheeb tsam feem ntau muaj tsawg dua noob thiab Chav Kawm kuv thiab II cheeb tsam yog nyob ib sab, tsuas yog teleosts, qhov chaw uas ob cheeb tsam uas txuas. MHC thaj tsam sequenced kom meej, qhov tsawg ua qhov nqaij qaib, uas muaj nyob rau hauv tsuas yog 19 noob 92 kb. [1] Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, 3.6 Mbp (3.6 lab hauv paus khub) nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm MHC chromosome 6 muaj 140 noob flanked los ntawm caj ces cov cim MOG thiab COL11A2. [2] Tus MHC cheeb tsam yog lub feem ntau ntom thiab feem ntau polymorphic noob nyob rau hauv lub mammalian genome, tseem ceeb heev rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev ua me nyuam txoj kev vam meej. Lub MHC cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv marsupials Monodelphis domestica (grey luv luv-tailed Didelphimorphia) yog flanked los ntawm tib cov cim, muaj 3,95 Mb thiab muaj 114 noob, 87 muab qhia rau tib neeg. [1] Lub sib piv nyob nruab nrab ntawm tib neeg MHC cheeb tsam thiab marsupials muaj tau los soj ntsuam cov evolution ntawm no co noob, thiab hais tias marsupials yog ntawm lub eutherian thiab uas tsis yog-mammalian vertebrates, sib cais los ntawm 200 lab xyoo. Li nws tau raug qhia hais tias tso rau neeg siab marsupials MHC cheeb tsam uas zoo sib xws rau mammals nyob rau hauv qhov loj thiab tsis yooj yim, tab sis kuj muaj yam ntxwv zoo xws li lub koom haum mus rau lub cheeb tsam ntawm cov neeg uas tsis-mammalian MHC, uas qhia ib tug yuav ancestral lub koom haum ntawm no cheeb tsam. MHC cheeb tsam no yog muab faib ua 3 subgroups ntawm noob: kev teeb tsa ntawm ib MHC Chav-kuv. MHC hauv chav kawm-Kuv Nyob rau hauv eutherian Chav-kuv cheeb tsam muaj ib co noob uas nws muaj thiab thiaj li metópicos yog conserved nruab nrab ntawm tsiaj. Cov lwg me me uas qhia nyob rau hauv txhua txhua tib neeg cell tsuas yog ntshav liab, germ hlwb, hlwb los ntawm pre-implantation embryos thiab syncytiotrophoblast (embryonic ntaub so ntswg, tsis yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub neej postnatal: cov ntsiab lus ...). [ 3] Muaj ib txhia hlwb, xws li keeb, monocytes thiab hepatocytes, muaj tsawg theem ntawm MHC-kuv lwg me me (tsawg tshaj 103 tauj ib cell: saib cov ntaub ntawv). [4] noob-MHC Chav Kuv (MHC-Kuv) kho glycoproteins nrog immunoglobulin qauv: feature hom α hnyav saw uas yog subdivided rau hauv peb cheeb tsam: α1, α2 thiab α3. No peb cheeb tsam uas raug rau extracellular qhov chaw thiab muaj lawm mus rau lub cell daim nyias nyias los ntawm ib tug transmembrane cheeb tsam. Α saw no yog ib txwm txuam nrog β2 microglobulin qauv uas yog kho los ntawm ib tug nyias muaj nyias cheeb tsam on chromosome 15. Lub ntsiab Function ntawm noob khoom ntawm hom-kuv yog tus intracellular kev nthuav qhia ntawm antigenic peptides rau cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 +). Lub antigenic peptide yog accommodated nyob rau hauv ib tug recess tsim nruab nrab ntawm lub cheeb tsam α1 thiab α2 ntawm hnyav saw, thaum lub MHC-Kuv paub los ntawm cytotoxic T lymphocyte yog α3 saw. Nyob rau hauv no cleft tsim los ntawm α1 thiab α2 thaj tsam raug nthuav peptides 8 mus rau 11 cov amino acids, uas yog vim li cas antigenic peptide kev nthuav qhia yuav tsum tau mus los ntawm ib tug txheej txheem ntawm fragmentation tsis pub dhau lub cell tias expresses nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, muaj ntau isotypes (txawv cov noob) ntawm Chav Kawm-kuv lwg me me, uas muaj peev xwm yuav grouped rau hauv: • "Classic", uas nws yog Function antigen kev nthuav qhia rau CD8 + T lymphocytes: nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no muaj HLA-Ib , HLA-B thiab HLA-C. • "nonclassical" (tseem hu ua MHC chav kawm IB), nrog rau tshwj xeeb functions tsis muaj antigens rau T hlwb, tiam sis uas khi rau inhibitory txias xov ntawm NK hlwb, tsis pub dhau no pab pawg neeg yog cov HLA-E, HLA-F , HLA-G. Yog li ntawd HLA-G proteins muaj dua lub npe hu immunosuppressive thiab muaj qhia nyob rau hauv tus me nyuam hauv plab cytotrophoblast. Qhov no qhia yog xav kom tsis txhob fetus yog tsis txais raws li ib tug hloov [1]. Tus qauv ntawm ib MHC Chav-II. MHC Chav-II Cov noob encode glycoproteins nrog immunoglobulin qauv, tab sis, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tus ua hauj complex yog tsim los ntawm ob tug hlua, ib α thiab β (txhua yam uas ob tug thawj, α1 thiab α2, β1 thiab β2). Txhua tus ntawm yog txuas txuas mus rau cov daim nyias nyias los ntawm ib tug transmembrane cheeb tsam, thiab ob strands yog ntsib txhua lwm yam, nrog rau thawj 1 thiab 2 nyob ib sab mus rau ntawm tes sab nraud. [5] Cov lwg me me uas qhia tsuas yog nyob rau hauv antigen qhia txog hlwb ( phagocytic dendritic thiab B hlwb) nyob qhov twg uas yuav muaj kev antigen peptides extracellular helper T lymphocytes (CD4 +). Lub antigenic peptide yog accommodated nyob rau hauv ib tug recess tsim los ntawm α1 thiab β1 thawj, thaum lub MHC-II Reconco los ntawm T helper cell nyob rau hauv lub saw yog β2. Nyob rau hauv no cleft tsim los ntawm cheeb tsam α1 thiab β1, peptides yog nruab nrab ntawm 12 thiab 16 cov amino acids. MHC-II lwg me me muaj 5-6 isotypes nyob rau hauv tib neeg, thiab muaj peev xwm yuav grouped rau hauv: • "Classical" qhia txog peptides rau CD4 T hlwb, tsis pub dhau no pab pawg neeg muaj HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR; • "nonclassical" khoom ntxiv nrog intracellular functions (tsis raug nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias cell, tab sis nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias Internal ntawm lysosomes) feem ntau loaded antigenic peptides on MHC-II lwg me me Classical yus nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li HLA- HLA-DM thiab PUAS YOG. Ntxiv nrog rau MHC-II lwg me me, qhov Chav-II cheeb tsam yog cov noob maub cov xov antigen processing lwg me me, xws li siv (transporter by txuam nrog antigen processing) thiab Tapasin. MHC Chav-III Qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv muaj noob uas encode secreted proteins uas ua si ob peb lub cev tsis functions: qhuas system Cheebtsam (xws li C2, C4, thiab yam B) thiab o-hais txog kev lwg me me (cytokines xws li TNF-α, LTA, LTB) los yog cua sov ceeb proteins (hsp). Hauv chav kawm-III muaj ib tug ua txawv Function-cov chav kawm kuv thiab II, tab sis yog ntawm lwm yam ob nyob rau hauv lub luv luv caj npab ntawm tib neeg chromosome 6, yog li lawv tau piav ntau zaus ua ke. Polymorphism ntawm noob kuv thiab II MHC-codominant qhia ntawm HLA / MHC. Lub MHC noob uas qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug codominant. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub alleles (variants) niam txiv muaj rau ntawm ob niam txiv yog qhia equivalently: • Thaum muaj peb noob Chav-Kuv nyob rau hauv tib neeg hu ua HLA-A, HLA-B thiab HLA-C, thiab txhua tus neeg inherits ib co txhua tus niam txiv, tej cell ntawm ib tug neeg tej zaum yuav qhia 6 ntau hom MHC-kuv lwg me me. • Nyob rau hauv lub locus ntawm hauv chav kawm-II, txhua tus neeg inherits ib khub HLA-DP (DPA1 thiab DPA2, maub cov xov lub α thiab β txuas), ib khub HLA-DQ (DQA1 thiab DQA2 rau α txuas thiab β), ib tug HLA-DRα (DRA1) thiab ib los yog ob HLA-DRβ noob (DRB1 thiab DRB3, -4 los yog -5). Yog li, ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm inherit heterozygous 6 los sis 8 Chav-II alleles, peb los yog plaub los ntawm txhua tus niam txiv. Kev ua si tam sim no nyob rau hauv txhua alleles chromosome no yog hu ua MHC haplotype. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, txhua HLA allele tau txais ib tug xov tooj. Piv txwv li, rau ib tug muab ib tug tib neeg, lub haplotype HLA-A2 yuav ua tau, HLA-B5, HLA-DR3, lwm yam zoo li ... Txhua tus neeg heterozygous MHC haplotypes muaj ob, ib tug on txhua chromosome (ib paternal thiab ib tug naim li keeb kwm). MHC noob yog heev polymorphic, uas txhais tau hais tias muaj ntau sib txawv alleles nyob rau hauv cov tib neeg sib txawv ntawm cov pej xeem. Polymorphism yog li ntawd kuj zoo kawg thiab uas nyob rau hauv ib tug tov cov pej xeem (tsis inbred) tsis muaj ob tus neeg muaj raws nraim tib co noob thiab MHC lwg me me, tsuas yog rau identical ntxaib. Polymorphic thaj tsam ntawm txhua allele yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm kev sib cuag nrog lub peptide yuav tsum tau nthuav mus rau lymphocyte. Rau qhov no yog vim li cas, hu rau lub cheeb tsam ntawm txhua MHC allele yog yeej nce mus nce los, txij li thaum MHC polymorphic seem yog tsi ntsees rau qhov qhib nyob rau hauv uas nws muaj peev xwm yuav qhia tsuas yog tej yam hom ntawm qhov seem ntawm peptide, uas imposes ib tug thwj toob hom heev ncaj heev ntawm peptide thiab MHC qauv. Qhov no paub licas hais tias txhua tus uas txawv ntawm MHC qauv yuav khi uas tsuas yog cov peptides uas haum kom yog rau hauv zawj ntawm MHC qauv, uas yog nce mus nce los rau txhua allele. Yog li, MHC lwg me me muaj ib tug broad tseem rau peptide thwj toob, txij txhua MHC qauv yuav khi ntau, tab sis tsis yog txhua txhua hom kev ua tau peptides. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb feature ntawm MHC lwg me me: ib yam ib tug tib neeg, ib ob peb lwg me me yog txaus txawv yuav tsum muaj peev xwm nthuav qhia ntau yam ntawm peptides. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, nyob rau hauv ib cov pej xeem, qhov hais ntau alleles kom muaj yuav ib txhia tus neeg uas possesses ib MHC qauv peev xwm ntawm Loading qhov uas tsim nyog peptide pom ib tug microbe concreto.La MHC polymorphism evolution kom cov pej xeem hais tias ib tug yuav muaj peev xwm mus tiv thaiv tawm tsam lossis loj muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov uas twb muaj microbes thiab tsis txhob succumb mus rau muaj ib tug tshiab los yog pathogen pathogen mutated, vim hais tias muaj tsawg kawg yog ib co tib neeg yuav muaj peev xwm los tsim ib qho kev txaus lub cev tsis teb rau lub yeej pathogen. Sin txawv nyob rau hauv MHC zaj (polymorphism lub luag hauj lwm) tshwm sim los ntawm qub txeeg qub teg los ntawm txawv MHC lwg me me, thiab koj tsis ntxias los ntawm recombination, raws li nrog antigen txias xov. Functions MHC-kuv thiab II lwg me me muaj ob hom antigenic peptides mus rau T lymphocytes, lub luag hauj lwm rau lub cev tsis meej lus teb rau tshem tawm lub pathogen lub luag hauj lwm rau qhuav ntawm xws antigens. Txawm li ntawd los, MHC hauv chav kawm-kuv thiab II xov mus rau ob txawv Pathways ntawm antigen kev thiab yog txuam nrog rau ob tug sib txawv cev tsis tiv thaiv systems: [5] Table 1. Yam ntxwv ntawm antigen processing Pathways feature Milky Way MHC-II MHC-Kuv nyob tus yeees ntawm ruaj peptide-MHC ua polymorphic α thiab β txuas, peptide ki uake mus rau ob qho tib si polymorphic α saw thiab β2 microglobulin, α saw ki uake peptide qhia txog hlwb Hom antigen (APC) dendritic hlwb, mononuclear phagocytes, B lymphocytes, ib txhia hlab ntsha tsis ua hauv lwm hlwb, thymus epithelium Yuav luag tag nrho cov nucleated hlwb T lymphocytes peev xwm ntawm teb T helper (CD4 +) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 +) keeb kwm ntawm antigenic proteins Proteins nthuav qhia nyob rau hauv endosomes los yog lysosomes (feem ntau internalized lub extracellular ib puag ncig) cytosolic proteins (lawn cov coob tsim los ntawm tus cell, kuj yuav nkag mus rau los ntawm kev rau sab nraum phagosomes) enzymes lub luag hauj lwm rau tiam ntawm peptides Proteases endosomes thiab lysosomes (raws li cathepsin ) Lub proteasome cytosolic site peptide loading nrog rua lub MHC qauv vesicular ib qhov caws tshwj xeeb endoplasmic reticulum lwg me me muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub thauj thiab loading ntawm peptides on MHC invariant saw, DM siv (transporter txuam nrog antigen processing) T lymphocytes los ntawm ib tug neeg uas tso rau neeg siab ib tug hu ua vaj tse MHC kev txwv: tsuas txhom tau ib tug antigen yog hais tias nws yog nthuav los ntawm ib lub qauv ntawm MHC tib tug neeg. Qhov no yog vim hais tias txhua T cell muaj ib dual tseem: lub T cell txais xov (hu ua T cell txais xov TCR) yeej pom tau tias ib co seem ntawm peptide thiab nplawg ntia ib co seem ntawm MHC qauv uas qhib pib nws. Qhov no vaj tse yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv kev sib hloov ntawm plab hnyuv siab raum, thiab txhais tau hais tias, thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob, T hlwb yuav tsum tau "kawm" mus rau tus neeg ntawd paub txog tus cai MHC lwg me me, los ntawm ua txheej txheem ntawm maturation thiab xaiv uas yuav siv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub thymus. MHC lwg me me muaj peev xwm tsuas muaj peptides, implying tias T hlwb, txij thaum lawv muaj peev xwm tsuas pom antigen seb puas yog txuam rau ib tug MHC qauv tsuas nti mus antigens ntawm protein keeb kwm (los ntawm microbes) thiab tsis muaj lwm yam tshuaj chaw tub rog nyob (los yog Phem Lipids, los yog nucleic acids los sis sugars). Txhua MHC qauv tej zaum yuav muaj ib peptide nyob rau ib lub sij hawm, txij thaum lub nruab nraqb ntawm ob lub mis ntawm tus qauv tsuas muaj qhov chaw mus pab ib tug peptide. Txawm li cas los, ib tug muab MHC qauv muaj ib broad tseem, vim hais tias muaj ntau yam sib txawv peptides tau muaj (tab sis tsis yog txhua txhua). Peptide kev txuam nrog MHC-kuv lwg me me: proteins tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub cytosol yog degraded los ntawm proteasome, thiab lub resulting peptides yog internalized los ntawm siv cov channel nyob rau hauv lub endoplasmic reticulum, qhov chaw uas lawv associate nrog tshiab tsim lwg me me ntawm MHC-kuv. Lub peptide-MHC-kuv dhau Golgi apparatus, qhov chaw uas lawv glycosylated, thiab ces mus rau secretory vesicles tias lub pos txuas hluav taws xob nrog lub cell daim nyias nyias, thiaj li hais tias ntau ceg yog raug rau sab nraum, lub hom phiaj rau kev sib cuag nrog rau T hlwb circulating. MHC peptide qhia txog nrhiav sab nraum lub cell daim nyias nyias thaum lub sij hawm nws tus kheej biosynthesis, tsis pub dhau lub cell. Yog li ntawd, peptides nthuav by MHC lwg me me uas muab tau los ntawm microbes hauv lub cell, thiab qhov no yog vim li cas vim li cas lub T lymphocytes, qhia tsuas yog thaum txuam peptides rau MHC lwg me me, tsuas txhom tau microbes thiab cell txuam qeb ib lub cev tsis teb tawm tsam intracellular microbes. Nws yog noteworthy uas MHC-kuv lwg me me tau peptides muab tau cytosolic proteins, qhov MHC-II lwg me me tau peptides ntawm proteins nyob rau hauv intracellular vesicles. Yog li ntawd, MHC-kuv lwg me me tam sim no rau nws tus kheej peptides, kis peptides (tsim los ntawm lub cell nws tus kheej) los yog muab tau los ntawm peptides ingested microbes nyob rau hauv phagosomes. MHC-II lwg me me, nyob rau hauv lem, tam sim no peptides muab tau los ntawm ingested microbes nyob rau hauv vesicles (xws lwg me me tsuas qhia nyob rau hauv phagocytic hlwb). MHC lwg me me tsuas qhia stably nyob rau hauv lub cell daim nyias nyias yog hais tias lawv muaj ib tug nqi peptide, tus muaj peptide stabilizes lub qauv ntawm MHC lwg me me, lub "npliag" lwg me me yog degraded tsis pub dhau lub cell. MHC lwg me me loaded nrog ib tug peptide tej zaum yuav nyob twj ywm rau hauv daim nyias nyias rau hnub, ntev txaus kom ntseeg tau tias ib tug uas tsim nyog T cell yeej pom tau tias tus ua thiab pib lub cev tsis teb. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus tib neeg muaj peev xwm nthuav qhia MHC lwg me me tib si txawv teb chaws peptides (los ntawm pathogens) thiab peptides muab tau los ntawm tus neeg ntawd tus kheej proteins. Qhov no paub licas hais tias, thaum twg los tau muab lub sij hawm, tsuas yog ib tug me me ib feem ntawm MHC lwg me me los ntawm ib lub cell muaj ib tug txawv teb chaws peptide: feem coob ntawm peptides uas yuav nthuav qhia lawv tus kheej, vim lawv yog cov ntau tshaj. Txawm li ntawd los, T lymphocytes muaj peev xwm ntawm ntes tau ib tug peptide nthuav los ntawm nkaus xwb 0.1% -1% ntawm MHC lwg me me rau triggering ib lub cev tsis teb. Lub peptides lawv tus kheej, Ntxiv mus, tsis tau pib ib lub cev tsis teb (tshwj tsis yog nyob rau hauv zaum ntawm autoimmune kab mob), vim hais tias cov T hlwb meej rau tus kheej-antigens raug pov tseg los yog inactivated nyob rau hauv lub thymus. Txawm li cas los, qhov muaj rau tus kheej peptides txuam nrog rau MHC lwg me me tseem ceeb heev rau supervisory Function ntawm T hlwb: Cov hlwb raug tas li saib xyuas hauv lub cev, tshuaj xyuas qhov muaj rau tus kheej peptides txuam nrog MHC lwg me me thiab triggering ib lub cev tsis teb nyob rau hauv tsawg zaum uas txhom tau ib tug txawv teb chaws peptide. MHC lwg me me nyob rau hauv hloov tsis ua MHC lwg me me raug qhia thiab muaj npe uas rau lawv cov luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv hloov tsis sib txawv lim ntawm inbred nas. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, MHC lwg me me yog leukocyte antigens (HLA). Nws coj ntau tshaj li 20 xyoo mus rau nkag siab txog physiologic Function ntawm MHC lwg me me nyob rau hauv kev nthuav qhia ntawm peptides rau T hlwb [6] Raws li tau piav saum toj no, txhua tus tib neeg ntawm tes hais tawm hauv chav kawm ntawv MHC alleles 6-Kuv (allele HLA-A, -B thiab C-ntawm txhua tus niam txiv) thiab 6-8 alleles MHC hauv chav kawm-2 (ib-DP thiab HLA-DQ, thiab ib los yog ob ntawm HLA-DR los ntawm txhua tus niam txiv, thiab ib co kev sib txuas ntawm cov). Lub polymorphism ntawm MHC noob yog heev: nws yog Kwv yees hais tias cov pej xeem muaj yam tsawg 350 alleles ntawm HLA-A, 620 HLA-B, DR alleles xyoo 400 90 DQ alleles. Raws li cov alleles yuav niam txiv muaj rau thiab qhia nyob rau hauv ntau kev sib txuas, txhua tus neeg yuav qhia ib co lwg me me yuav txawv los ntawm lwm tus neeg lwg me me, tsuas yog identical ntxaib. Tag nrho cov MHC lwg me me yuav ua tau lub hom phaj ntawm hloov tsis ua, tab sis, HLA-DP thiab HLA-C muaj ib tug tsawg polymorphism, thiab tej zaum yog los ntawm cov muaj hnub nyoog tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv rejections. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug hloov (khoom hauv nrog cev los sis qia hlwb), HLA lwg me me ua antigens: tau qeb ib lub cev tsis teb nyob rau hauv cov neeg, uas mus rau graft tsis ua. Paub ntawm MHC antigens on hlwb los ntawm lwm tus neeg ntawd yog ib yam ntawm cov muaj zog tshaj lub cev tsis paub cov lus teb. Qhov yog vim li cas uas tus neeg nti tawm tsam lwm tus MHC lwg me me uas ncaj zoo to taub. Thaum lub sij hawm maturation ntawm T lymphocytes, lawv xaiv raws li lawv muaj peev xwm mus paub txog TCR ntau ceg weakly "rau nws tus kheej peptide: nws tus kheej MHC." Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tus, T hlwb yuav tsum tsis txhob nti mus rau ib tug ua "txawv teb chaws peptide: MHC coj txawv txawv", uas yog dab tsi yuav tshwm nyob rau hauv lub transplanted hlwb. Txawm li ntawd los, nws nkawd hais tias dab tsi tshwm sim yog ib hom ntawm Cross-ras txog: tus neeg ntawd T cell txais xov yuav tsis ncaj ncees lawm, vim hais tias pub dawb lub MHC qauv yog zoo xws li tias ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub TCR thwj toob cheeb tsam (nce mus nce los cheeb tsam ntawm yog MHC nyob rau hauv qhov qhia txog peptide thwj toob). Rau qhov no yog vim li cas, tus tau txais tus neeg lymphocytes txhais ua tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm transplanted khoom hauv nrog cev raws li "txawv teb chaws peptide: MHC rau nws tus kheej" thiab qeb ib lub cev tsis teb tawm tsam lub cev "invader", vim hais tias nws yog ntaus nqi nyob rau tib txoj kev uas ib tug ntaub nws tus kheej mob los yog qog, tab sis nrog ib tug ntau siab dua tus naj npawb ntawm ntau ceg peev xwm ntawm initiating teb. Cov paub ntawm txawv teb chaws MHC qauv raws li nws tus kheej los ntawm T lymphocytes hu ua allorecognition. Nws muaj ob hom kev ua tau hloov tsis ua kho hom haum xeeb los ntawm MHC lwg me me (HLA): • hyperacute tsis ua: tshwm sim thaum ib tug tib neeg txais tau preformed anti-HLA tshuaj ua ntej kev sib hloov, uas tej zaum yuav yog vim qhov ua ntej cov ntshav transfusions ( nrog rau cov pub dawb lymphocytes nrog HLA lwg me me), lub tiam ntawm anti-HLA thaum lub sij hawm cev xeeb tub (leej txiv tawm tsam HLA tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub fetus) thiab kawm tiav ntawm ib tug yav dhau los hloov; • mob humoral tsis ua thiab tsis ua hauj lwm ntev khoom hauv nrog cev hloov: vim tus tsim ntawm anti-HLA tshuaj nyob rau hauv tus neeg tawm tsam HLA lwg me me nthuav qhia on hlab ntsha tsis ua hauv lwm hlwb kev sib hloov. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si zaum, muaj ib tug cev tsis ras txog tawm tsam transplanted khoom hauv nrog cev, yuav tsim kom muaj kev raug mob nyob rau hauv tib lub, uas mus poob ntawm Function, thawj cov ntaub ntawv tam sim ntawd thiab tau nyob rau hauv lub thib ob. Rau qhov no yog vim li cas, nws yog ib qhov tseem ceeb heev los mus ua ib tug Cross-ras txog nruab nrab ntawm pub dawb hlwb thiab txais lub ntshav dej rau muaj anti-HLA tshuaj nyob rau hauv txais preformed tawm tsam pub dawb HLA lwg me me thiab tiv thaiv kom txhob hyperacute tsis ua. Feem ntau, nws yog soj ntsuam tus ne ntawm HLA-A, B-thiab-DR: raws li tus naj npawb ntawm inconsistencies, lub 5-xyoo ciaj txo kev sib hloov. Tag nrho cov nom ne tsuas yog nruab nrab ntawm identical ntxaib, tab sis tam sim no muaj cov databases ntawm tus pub toob plaws ntiaj-teb mus rau sab qhov tseeb HLA ne lub nruab nrab ntawm ib tug muaj peev xwm pub dawb thiab txais. Antibody From Wikipedia, cov dawb phau ntawv qhia txog ntau ntau yam Jump mus rau: navigation, tshawb zoo immunoglobulin qauv nrog typical Y-puab Nyob rau hauv xiav twb pom plaub hnyav saw Ig thawj, qhov teeb ntsuab txuas yog tshwm. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub qia (feem tas mus li FC) thiab ceg (Fab) muaj ib qho thinner feem hu ua "hinge cheeb tsam" (hinge). Antibody (tseem hu ua immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) yog glycoproteins gamma globulin hom. Yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no nyob rau hauv soluble cov ntshav los yog lwm yam kua bodily ntawm vertebrates, muaj ib tug identical duab uas ua raws li B cell txais xov thiab yog ua hauj lwm rau lub cev los txheeb xyuas thiab neutralize txawv teb chaws kawm xws li cov kab mob, virus los yog parasites. [1] Lub typical antibody yog muaj ntawm cov structural units, txhua yam uas ob tug loj hnyav txuas thiab ob lub teeb txuas ntawm cov me loj uas tsim, piv txwv li, monomers nrog ib tug unit, ob units dimers los yog pentamers nrog tsib units . Tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm ib tug hom dawb cov ntshav cell hu ua B lymphocyte Nws muaj ntau hom antibody isotypes, raws li yuav ua li cas hnyav saw tuav. Tsib txawv cov chav kawm ntawv uas nyob rau hauv lub npe hu mammals isotypes ua si sib txawv luag hauj lwm, pab coj cov uas tsim nyog cev tsis teb rau txhua txawv hom txawv teb chaws yam khoom lawv ntsib. [2] Txawm hais tias kev dav dav qauv ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj yog heev uas zoo sib xws, ib tug me me ntawm cheeb tsam apex ntawm protein yog tsis tshua muaj nce mus nce los, lub hom phiaj rau qhov hais lab ntawm cov tshuaj, txhua yam uas ib tug me ntsis txawv kawg. Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm qhov protein yog hu ua hypervariable cheeb tsam. Txhua tus ntawm cov variants yuav nrog ib tug "qhov hom phiaj yog" lwm yam, uas yog dab tsi yog hu ua ib tug antigen. [3] Qhov no lossis loj muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov tshuaj ua tom lub cev kom paub txog ntau yam ntawm antigens sib npaug high school. Qhov tsuas yog ib feem ntawm qhov antigen pom zoo los ntawm antibody yog hu ua epitope. Cov epitopes khi nrog nws antibody nyob rau hauv ib tug heev meej nrog uake no yog hu ua ntxias adaptation uas tso cai rau lub tshuaj los txheeb xyuas thiab khi tsuas yog lawv txawv antigen ntawm lub lab ntawm txawv lwg me me tias ua li ib tug organism. Cov paub los ntawm ib tug antigen los ntawm ib tug antibody nws rau tua los ntawm lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub cev. Cov tshuaj kuj yuav neutralize lub hom phaj ncaj qha los ntawm, piv txwv li, rau ib tug thwj toob ntawm ib tug pathogen tsim nyog rau nws mus ua ib tug kab mob. Qhov loj ntawm cov pej xeem antibody muaj ntau haiv neeg yog generated by Random kev sib txuas ntawm ib co txawv noob feem maub cov xov lub antigen-thwj toob qhov chaw (los yog paratopes), uas tom qab yauv mus ua Random hloov mus nyob rau hauv no cheeb tsam ntawm lub antibody noob, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug txawm ntau ntau haiv neeg. [2] [4] Tus antibody noob kuj rearranged nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej txheem lub npe hu li immunoglobulin hauv chav kawm ntawv uas hloov pauv lub hauv paus ntawm qhov hnyav saw mus rau lwm lub, tsim kom muaj ib tug txawv antibody isotype uas tuav lub nce mus nce los cheeb tsam meej mus rau qhov hom phiaj yog antigen. Qhov no tso cai rau ib antibody yuav siv tau rau ntau qhov chaw hauv lub cev tsis system. Lub qhuav ntawm tshuaj yog lub ntsiab Function ntawm humoral cev. [5] Lub antigen-antibody (Ag-AB) yog ib yam ntawm cov cornerstones nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev lub cev tsis teb. Lo lus yog hais txog yam thwj toob ntawm ib antibody nrog ib tug antigen rau inhibiting los yog slowing nws cov tshuaj muaj taug. Lub structural kev txuas ntawm macromolecules yog ua los ntawm ob peb lub zog rog uas ua nrog deb, xws li hydrogen ua ke, lub Van Der Waals rog, electrostatic sib thiab hydrophobic. Ag-AB paub yog ib txhij ras txog yog li ntawd yuav siv qhov chaw los ntawm ntau noncovalent bonds nruab nrab ntawm ib tug ntawm cov amino acid antigen thiab antibody thwj toob site. Lub ras txog yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm nws tseem, ceev, spontaneity thiab reversibility. Txheem [zais] 1 nta ◦ ◾ ◾ 1.2 ceev 1.1 tseem ◾ ◾ 1.4 1.3 Spontaneity Reversibility tseem ntxwv antibody muaj peev xwm mus khi antigen uas tsa los ntawm epitope los yog antigenic determinant by qaug zog intermolecular bonds. Cov thwj toob tseem yog muab los ntawm heev ncaj heev thiab qhia qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm tshuaj tej pawg neeg tsawg nrog sib txawv txawm lawv sib xws, thiab tso cai rau tus raug ntes ntawm ib antigen nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug. Lub ceev sai sai tshwm sim thawj theem ntawm qhov Ag-AB ras txog yog ntawm kom ntawm milliseconds, thiab yog tag xwb by diffusion. Qhov thib ob theem, uas yog ntev muaj xws li tag nrho cov manifestations uas tshwm sim raws li ib tug los ntawm lub nrog uake, xws li los nag, agglutination, neutralization, lwm yam zoo li. Spontaneity Ag-AB ras txog yuav tsum tsis ntxiv zog yuav tsum tau ua. Txij thaum ras txog reversibility yog vim tsis-covalent rog, yog reversible thiab, yog li ntawd, yog cuam tshuam los ntawm yam tseem ceeb xws li kub, qhov ratio ntawm Ag-AC, pH thiab ionic lub zog. Cov tsos mob los yog tshuaj keeb ua said ras txog yog hu ua ib tug allergen, thiab txhais raws li cov tsos mob tshwm sim los allergic kev tig cev. Thaum ib tug allergen nkag hauv lub cev ntawm ib yam kev kawm uas yog allergic mus rau nws, lawv cev teb los ntawm ua ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj hu ua IgE. Tus tom ntej kis tau mus rau allergen ua rau tso tawm tshuaj mediators, nrog rau cov histamine, uas tsim lub typical cov tsos mob ntawm allergic ras txog. Cev From Wikipedia, cov dawb phau ntawv qhia txog ntau ntau yam Jump mus rau: navigation, tshawb zoo cev Neutrophil Neutrophil nrog anthrax copy.jpg (daj) ingested by phagocytosis ntawm cov kab mob anthrax (Naraja). Cov duab sib raug mus rau ib luam roj electron lub koob txom. Cov dawb kab sib raug mus rau 5 microns. Tiv thaiv Function ntawm ib organism mus rau sab nraud cov neeg ua hauj lawm. Cov qauv Synonyms Dawb cov ntshav leukocytes los yog cev cev Ib tug cev, cev los yog cev (los ntawm Latin hauv-mūn (itātem) 'tsis muaj khi' cient. 'Tiv thaiv' thiab Greek syn σύν 'nrog', 'lub union ',' system ',' set ') yog ib co qauv txheeb raws roj ntsha thiab kev tsis pub dhau ib organism uas tiv thaiv tawm tsam tus kab mob los ntawm paub thiab tua pathogens thiab cancerous hlwb. [1] detects ntau yam ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lawm, los ntawm virus rau plab hnyuv parasites, [2] [3] thiab yuav tsum tau qhia qhov txawv lawv los ntawm lawv tus kheej hlwb thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev mus rau Function kom yog. Lub cev yog tsuas yog tsim ntawm leukocytes (lymphocytes, [4] lwm leukocytes, [5] antibody [6] T hlwb [7], cytokines [7] macrophages [7], neutrophils [7] ntawm lwm Cheebtsam uas pab tau koj khiav). [7] Nov yog tham raws li pathogens tau evolve sai heev, ua adaptations hais tias kom tsis txhob muaj lub cev thiab cia lub pathogens kom ntse kis lawv qhua. [8] Yuav kom kov yeej kev sib tw no, ntau yam tswv yim ua hloov zuj zuj tias pom thiab neutralize pathogens. Txawm yooj yim unicellular tej yam me muaj sia xws li cov kab mob nqa enzyme systems uas tiv thaiv kab mob kis. Lwm yam yooj yim lub cev tsis hloov zuj zuj tswv yim ua nyob rau hauv ancient eukaryotes thiab nyob twj ywm rau hauv lawv cov niaj hnub los, xws li nroj tsuag, ntses, reptiles thiab kab. Cov no muaj xws li cov tswv yim ua antimicrobial peptides hu ua defensins, [9] lub phagocytosis thiab qhuas system. Vertebrates, nrog rau cov tib neeg, muaj kev tiv thaiv tswv yim ua ntau txawm ntse. [10] Lub vertebrate cev tsis systems xws li ntawm ntau hom proteins, hlwb, plab hnyuv siab raum thiab cov ntaub so ntswg, uas nyob rau hauv ib qho kev koom tes interact thiab dynamic network. Raws li ib feem ntawm no ntau ua lub cev tsis teb, tib neeg cev adapts tshaj li lub sij hawm kom paub meej pathogens ntau zoo. Nyob rau hauv no adaptation txheej txheem no hu ua "coj kev tiv thaiv" los yog "nrhiav kev tiv thaiv" muaj peev xwm los tsim ib qho immunological nco. [11] Immunological nco tau tsim los ntawm ib tug thawj lus teb rau ib tug meej pathogen, muab ib qho kev kho kom zoo teb rau qib siab ntsib nrog tias tib yam pathogen. Txoj kev no ntawm nrhiav kev tiv thaiv raws li txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lub cev mob muaj cuab kav yuav ua rau cov kab mob. Immunodeficiency tshwm sim thaum lub cev yog tsawg dua kom nquag plias tshaj qub, [12] resulting nyob rau hauv recurrent mob thiab tuag taus. Immunodeficiency muaj peev xwm ua tau rau los ntawm ib caj ces tus kab mob, xws li mob hnyav ua ke Immunodeficiency, [13] los yog yuav tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshuaj los yog kab mob, xws li nrhiav Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) yog tshwm sim los ntawm tus kab mob HIV retrovirus. [14] sib piv, autoimmune kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm ib qho kev overactive cev attacking qub raws li cov ntaub so ntswg yog hais tias lawv txawv teb chaws tej yam me muaj sia. Cov qhov uas cov kab mob autoimmune muaj xws li Hashimoto lub thyroiditis, rheumatoid mob pob txaws, mob ntshav qab zib mellitus hom 1 thiab lupus erythematosus. Immunology npog txoj kev kawm no los ntawm tag nrho cov yam ntawm lub cev uas muaj tseem ceeb sib nqe rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv thiab muaj tus kab mob. Nws yuav tsum hais tias ntxiv kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no ua ib tug loj nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm nce qib ntawm kev noj qab nyob thiab kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob. Immunoassay From Wikipedia, cov dawb phau ntawv qhia txog ntau ntau yam Jump mus rau: navigation, search Immunoassay yog ib co analytical laboratory immunochemical cov tswv yim muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev siv lub cev tsis ntau ceg, piv txwv li ntawm qhov conjugation ntawm tshuaj thiab antigens, raws li chiv keeb ntawm quantification ntawm ib analyte (lub tshuaj nyob rau hauv analysis) txiav txim siab, uas yuav ua tau lub antibody (AB) los yog antigen (Ag), uas siv cov kev ntsuas raws li ib tug kos qauv uas yog ib feem ntawm ras txog nrog rau lub cev tsis ua nyob rau hauv qhov kev xeem los yog tshuaj tshuaj ntsuam. Cov kev no yog raws li cov high school thiab tseem sib ze ntawm cov tshuaj rau lawv meej antigens thiab siv tshuaj monoclonal (tau nyob rau hauv laboratory) los yog polyclonal sera (muab los ntawm cov tsiaj), yog xav paub ntau tshaj meej monoclonals. Nws high rhiab heev thiab tseem tso cai rau lub quantification ntawm cov organic sib txuas nthuav qhia nyob rau hauv cov kua hauv tsawg concentration nyob rau hauv lub nanogram / ml los sis picogram / ml. Cov kev loj hlob ntawm immunoassay tau zoo feem nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob dab tsi mob los ntawm laboratory xeem los yog saib mob Chemistry. Rau qhov kev ntsuas kev ◦ sib tw: lub antigen (Ag) yuav tsum tau ntsuas competes nrog sau lo rau antigen rau antibody (AB). Yog ntsuas los ntawm tus nqi ntawm sau lo rau antigen uas yog xam tau tias yog unconjugated inversely xwm yeem mus rau analyte. ◦ tsis sib tw (tseem hu ua Sandwich) lub Ag nyob rau hauv cov qauv reacts nrog ob txawv AC uas khi mus rau txawv seem ntawm Ag. AC ib tug yog feem ntau khoom kev them nyiaj yug rau chaw sib cais ntawm ki uake feem, thiab lwm yam yog cov cim AC. Yog ntsuas los ntawm qhov nyiaj ntawm kos uas yog suav tias yog ncaj qha xwm yeem rau tus nqi ntawm analyte. Lub medium qhov twg lub ntsuas yog ◦ Homogeneous: Nyob rau hauv hom kev xeem teeb liab generated by lub thwj toob ntawm antigen thiab antibody yog ntsuas ncaj qha nyob rau tib nrab uas yog siv los txhawb tsim ntawm lub cev tsis ua. Ua kev ◦: Nyob rau hauv hom kev xeem teeb liab generated by lub thwj toob ntawm antigen thiab antibody yog ntsuas los ntawm ib tug txawv txhais tau tias tshaj li uas siv rau lub cev tsis ua thwj toob, feem ntau yog koom nrog ib nrab kauj ruam ntawm ntxuav kom tshem tawm cov cuam tshuam. Yog suav tias yog homogeneous immunoassays noncompetitive hom ntawv yog feem ntau kuj nkag thiab meej. ◦ kos by Radioimmunoassay (RIA): Lub daim ntawv lo yog ib tug radioactive isotope. ◦ Enzimoinmunoanálsis (EIA): cov daim ntawv lo yog ib qho enzyme xws li enzyme immunoassay kev paub los ntawm abbreviation ELISA. ◦ fluoroimmunoassay: tus kos yog ib tug Fluorescent qauv, xws li FPIA. ◦ Xeem Inmunoquimioluminiscente: lub hom yog feem ntau ib qho enzyme peev xwm ntawm catalyzing ib chemiluminescent ras txog. Yog sib npaug los yog ntau tshaj kuj nkag tshaj radioimmunoassay, thiab tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo uas yuav kov radioactive tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv sib piv yog underdeveloped thiab tsis tau yuav thov. ◦ siv ntsuas hormone theem: piv txwv li ntsuas theem ntawm lub qog hormones los yog estrogen ◦ ntsuas ntshav dej metabolites uas nws npaum li cas los yog muaj yog pov thawj ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm tes: piv txwv li ntsuas myocardial biomarkers xws li troponins ◦ Nov virus: piv txwv li, qhov ua rau ntawm tus kab mob siab thiab lawv qhia ◦ Nov ntawm mob cancer los yog qog hlwb: los ntawm kev nws cov proteins thiab qog cov cim tso tawm rau hauv ntshav dej ntawm cov neeg mob. ◦ ntes tau kis mus rau cov neeg ua hauj lawm kis: piv txwv li Rubella los yog toxoplasmosis nyob rau hauv uas cev xeeb tub los yog immunosuppressed neeg. Nov ntawm metabolites ◦ ntsuas muaj sia muaj teeb meem, los ntawm nws muaj los yog tshaj tus nqi nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, piv txwv li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm anemia ntsuas ferritin theem. ◦ kev ntsuas theem ntawm cov tshuaj, siv yeeb siv tshuaj los ntawm kev tsim txom thiab cov ntshav toxins. CRE: tsis qhia lawv cov khoom nyob rau hauv vitro li tiv thaiv tus IP patentable siv thiab kev tshwm sim los ntawm Dr Brzostowski SA Laboratory, thiab siv nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm ntau rheumatic kab mob, nyiaj lub natural tiv thaiv thiab kev noj qab nyob restructuring, pib lub kev tshawb fawb rau hauv hauj lwm ntawm lub pancreas thiab kho ntawm cov ntshav qab zib, rejuvenating peb lub cev hlwb.